What is a spermogram and what does it show? What to do if there are pathological forms?

A spermogram is a diagnostic test used to determine a man’s fertility by analyzing his sperm. It assists in assessing the number, caliber, and general health of sperm cells, offering crucial data to couples attempting to conceive.

The test examines a number of variables, such as the number of sperm, their motility (or how well they move), and their morphology (or structure and form). It may be concerning if the results reveal aberrant or pathological forms. The ability of sperm to fertilize an egg may be impacted by these anomalies.

You must see a physician if the spermogram reveals a high number of pathological forms. Treatments or lifestyle modifications may help. There are numerous possible causes, from underlying medical conditions to lifestyle factors.

A spermogram is a diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the health and potential for fertility of a man’s sperm. It examines elements such as sperm count, motility, and shape. Fertility may be impacted if the results reveal pathological forms (abnormal sperm), but sperm quality can be improved with certain medications and lifestyle adjustments. Couples attempting to conceive should comprehend the test results and see a doctor about the best course of action.

What is it?

The term "spermogram" literally means "a record of semen" if you break it down into its two Greek roots ("sperm" – σπέρμα and "gram" – γράμμα). Essentially, this is a lab experiment that analyzes sperm to determine its suitability for fertilizing an egg from a woman.

The analysis provides some quantitative and qualitative indicators of a man’s sperm, allowing the diagnosing physician to determine whether the man has reproductive system diseases or whether the infertility in the family is male-specific.

In addition to men who are preparing to become sperm donors and men who would like to freeze their reproductive cells for the future, the study is recommended for members of the stronger sex whose wives are unable to conceive or experience frequent miscarriages. Cryopreservation is also advised for men who, at a young age, participate in life-threatening military missions, work at facilities with high radiation levels, and are in other situations that may negatively impact a man’s ability to have children in the future.

The renowned scientist Leeuwenhoek, who invented the microscope, performed the first spermogram in human history in the seventeenth century. It’s true that his study was cursory. He simply pointed out that the ejaculate cells in certain members of the stronger sex move more actively than in others. The human race needed roughly 300 years to develop these theories.

Uniform standards for quantitative indicators of male seminal fluid were not developed until the early 1900s. The World Health Organization made numerous revisions to them; the most recent revisions to the analysis were made in 2010.

Globally, spermogram standards are unquestionable. The spermogram is evaluated using WHO standards, and conclusions regarding the existence of pathologies and deviations from the norm are drawn from the results. Naturally, it is preferable to have a spermogram performed at the hospital where the couple is receiving infertility treatment. Consequently, embryologists are able to evaluate the material that they will be working with going forward right away.

Why the analysis is carried out and how to take it?

To determine a man’s level of fertility, or his capacity for conception, a spermogram is required. A microscope is used to conduct a study. The diagnostician ascertains the sperm’s quantity, quality, and various other characteristics.

Additional testing may occasionally be required. One such test is the MAR test, which enables the identification of unique immunological processes, such as the generation of antibodies against sperm. In order to determine the genetic value that spermatozoa carry, a doctor may occasionally require biochemical data from the ejaculate. In these cases, a spermogram using DNA fragmentation is performed. In various laboratories, the preparation of the analysis varies. It takes one to three days on average.

A man needs to be aware of the guidelines used in the analysis for the results to be trustworthy. They relate to following advice before acting upon it:

• For 3-5 days, a man should limit sexual intercourse and not masturbate. During this time, a sufficient number of germ cells will have time to mature to imagine their average number. You need to abstain before donating sperm for exactly the specified number of days, since prolonged abstinence also negatively affects the composition of the ejaculate; after a long abstinence, the sperm is thick and viscous, which complicates the study.
• A week before donating, a man should abstain from sunbathing and visiting a solarium, from going to a bathhouse, sauna and any thermal effects on the genitals. You should also not turn on seat heaters in a car.
• A week before donating, you should not drink alcoholic beverages or smoke a lot. It is advisable to refuse taking medications, but if this is not possible, it is better to reschedule the test for another time or consult a urologist-andrologist. The effect of antibiotics, hormones and other drugs on the quality of sperm can be destructive.

• Usually the analysis is done by masturbation. This can be done in a clinic. At the clinic, a special container for biomaterials is provided for collecting ejaculate. Today, it is prohibited to collect sperm at home, only in a clinic and in a special container
• The collection is carried out in the next room to the laboratory, which makes delivery instantaneous, and therefore the study is reliable.

There are no substitutes for a spermogram because male infertility can be linked to both quantitative and qualitative disorders (differences in functionality, abnormalities in the structure of the germ cells).

What it shows?

A spermogram provides insight into the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of a particular man’s germ cells. The following lists every parameter that is evaluated in a laboratory setting in accordance with WHO guidelines.

Quantity, volume

This indicator is crucial for the proper execution of all ejaculate-related laboratory procedures, rather than so much for assessing fertility levels. A specialized pipette with a graduated wall is used to measure it. It also establishes the sperm’s viscosity.

A minimum of 1.5–2 milliliters of seed fluid are required for standard research. The prostate gland and seed bubbles produce a certain amount of fluid, which determines the volume.

A lack of fluids could be a sign of issues with these male reproductive system components. Sperm will not stand out as much the shorter the abstinence period.

Liquefaction time

Sperm are known for licking, and they get more fluid after a certain amount of time following ejaculation. It is known as the dilution time. Every man has his own; fluctuations are important and can last anywhere from fifteen to eighty minutes. It is sometimes difficult to perform a разжижить сперму при определенных патологиях.

The length of the "thread" that remains when a glass rod in a lab touches sperm while the instrument is being lifted is used to measure viscosity. A diameter of more than two centimeters indicates that the sperm is viscous.

Sperm remain immobile and inactive in the male gonads because of a unique protein. The protein dissolves and the "sperms" become active and motile due to the influence of the prostate juice.

The physician will suspect prostate gland pathologies if liquefaction is absent. Certain enzymes aid in the artificial addition of sperm in a lab setting so that the other parameters can be measured.

Acidity level

The pH of a healthy man is above 7.2, which is determined by special indicators made of paper or by a special device. Fertility is decreased when there is insufficient acidity because sperm are less able to dissolve the egg membrane during implantation.

Smell and color

You cannot judge infertility by smell. This parameter has no specific diagnostic value at all, but it is still shown at the end of the spermogram, which causes confusion among spouses and gives rise to many myths regarding the relationship between a man’s fertility and his odor. Nothing is connected.

They say that the smell is only "specific" in that it has always been that way due to custom and habit. You shouldn’t give this parameter any more thought.

Sperm color is also regarded as a questionable parameter. It is thought to be white or grayish in a healthy man. Shades of pink, yellowish, or greenish can be signs of pathologies, such as blood or pus mixtures. But there’s no need to assess the color separately because the spermogram provides a very accurate answer to the question of whether substances exist at the cellular level. It is mentioned more as an homage to medical traditions than anything else, much like the smell.

In all fairness, it should be mentioned that spermine, a unique enzyme, is what gives sperm their scent. Science and medicine still don’t know how it works. However, some medical professionals assert that the prostate gland, which generates this particular spermine, can be assessed for health by smell. Official support for this method of diagnosing prostate issues is lacking.

Sperm count

Both the total amount of ejaculate and 1 milliliter of fluid are counted by laboratory technicians. It is not accurate to assume that someone counts "lively ones." Since there are millions of them in one milliliter, this is not possible. Special counting chambers perform the calculations.

Sperm can be applied to a 22×22 glass by a laboratory technician in order to expedite mathematical calculations. When a 400x microscope is used to magnify a drop of sperm on such glass, the number of cells that show up in the field of view corresponds to the number of cells in one milliliter. For instance, if a lab technician counts 20 cells, that means there are 20 million cells in 1 milliliter.

Sperm analyzers are specialized microscopes with an integrated camera in certain labs that count and record the number of germ cells in the seminal fluid. The sperm is put in a centrifuge and the number of cells in the sediment is examined if there are few spermatozoa and only single-tailed representatives can be seen in the microscope’s field of view.

General cell motility

All spermatozoa are categorized into four groups, denoted by capital Latin letters ranging from A to D, based on their capacity to move and eventually arrive at the desired destination – the egg.

Category A cells are thought to be the most tenacious and deliberate. They are progressive and actively mobile, according to doctors. These sex cells only move straight and fast—up to 25 micrometers per second. That is, these particular "lively ones" are able to travel a distance equal to their height in two seconds.

The only way that Category B sperm differ from their elite counterparts is in their slightly slower speed. However, they can only move in one direction at a time—straight ahead, not a tiny bit to the sides. It is thought that the only spermatozoa capable of fertilizing a female reproductive cell are those belonging to motility categories A and B.

Cells in category C may act differently. Move in one spot at a time or erratically, making zigzags, circles, and other non-linear movements. These sperm are referred to as non-progressively motile, and there is little chance of successful fertilization with them.

The "lively ones" in the final category D are completely motionless.

It is necessary for the future father’s sperm to have at least 25% category A reproductive cells in order for conception to occur. The lab technician assesses them collectively with their "colleagues" in category B if this figure is lower.

If the man’s sperm contains at least 50% of the "lively ones" of categories A and B combined, the spermogram will be deemed healthy.

Sperm analyzers and counting chambers also track the mobility of reproductive cells. This takes place concurrently with their number calculation.

Sperm morphology

This is a thorough investigation into spermatozoa’s structure. The lab examines the folding of male reproductive cells under a microscope. Evaluations are made of the head, neck, middle section, tail, and sperm appearance.

The strict Kruger criteria are most frequently applied, which compare a cell’s structural characteristics to a standard and classify any borderline value as pathology, rejecting the cell.

Spermatozoon heads should be oval, smooth, and single. Conical, it shouldn’t be compressed. The head measures 4-5.5 μm in length and 2.5-3.5 μm in width.

Special consideration is given to the acrosome within the head’s structure. It should take up roughly half of the head and not have any vacuoles.

The spermatozoon’s neck should be small, smooth, and no wider than 1 μm. It is crucial that it fastens firmly and securely to the head to prevent the tail from coming loose. A right angle should be formed by the connection.

The longest portion of the male reproductive cell is the flagellum, or tail. It ought to take up at least 90% of the spermatozoon’s total length. One tail that is straight and taper slightly toward the end is what should be present. Rejectable characteristics include twisted tails, short or broken flagella, and pathology in the middle of the cell or head.

You ought not to believe that a man in good health cannot have faulty sperm. There are usually a good number of them. At various points in time, the World Health Organization advised regarding the presence of pathological morphological cells as the standard within 50–70%.

It is quite evident from Kruger’s criteria that up to 85% of spermatozoa may have defects. Therefore, a man needs to have at least 14–15% of reference, ideal, fully healthy, and morphologically correct spermatozoa in order to conceive naturally.

Viability

This parameter shows how many live germ cells are present in the ejaculate. The sperm is unquestionably alive if it can move. However, a stationary cell can be either living or dead.

If a man’s sperm contains half or more of the living cells from each of the three categories of motility (A, B, and C), then it is deemed normal. Although Category D cells are immobile, it is only necessary to investigate their vital activity when the proportion of living cells is less than 50%.

The state of the "lively one’s" outer membrane is evaluated in order to determine whether it is alive. This membrane’s integrity is compromised after the cell dies. The sample is mixed with eosin dye. It can readily enter dead cells whose membranes have already been damaged, but it cannot enter a living sperm with an intact membrane. These sperm absorb the dye and become pink.

Another technique involves putting a sample of sperm in a hypotonic solution. While dead cells do not respond in any way, living, healthy cells start to proliferate, swell, and twist their tails into loops. Both approaches use a microscope to evaluate the outcome.

Round cells

A man’s seminal fluid contains cells that are not sexual at all in addition to tailed spermatozoa. We refer to them as round or round. Leukocytes and immature spermatogenesis cells are the two primary cell types included in this.

The World Health Organization initially suggested measuring their concentration because they thought it might show, for instance, a rise in leukocytes in sperm. Subsequently, the organization withdrew its directives, acknowledging that the round cell concentration was not very useful for diagnosis. Out of habit, some laboratories still fill out this spermogram form column, but it is not something to be concerned about.

Furthermore, every man possesses immature cells, which have not yet developed into spermatozoa. It is also acknowledged that the overall concentration of these round cells is not very informative, and their number is not constant. If it’s established, then "out of habit" alone.

Leukocytes

White blood cells are present in every sperm. It matters that they are numerous in number. Inflammatory processes in the prostate gland or seed bubbles are highly likely in a man if there are more than one million of these cells in one milliliter of seed fluids.

The process of staining sperm and then examining it under a microscope is used to identify leukocytes. The only way to differentiate leukocytes from cells that are currently forming into sperm is to use this method.

Antisperal antibodies

Men’s bodies, like those of women, are capable of producing antibodies against spermatozoa. This will make it much harder to conceive because immunity will merely use specific antibodies to destroy male germ cells, viewing sperm as a threat. During anal intercourse, genital tract infections can trigger the development of such immunity.

The sex cell cannot unite with the egg if the antibodies target the sperm’s head. The sperm cell’s mobility will be eliminated if its tail is attacked.

Spermagglutination, or the adhesion of spermatozoa by the afflicted portion, is a sign of the presence of such deleterious antibodies.

The MAP test, which involves adding a medication—rabbit antibodies against human antibodies—to the sperm sample, can reliably identify the presence of antibodies. There is a good chance that we are discussing immunological infertility if the medication, or more accurately, the silicone microparticles that are a component of it, adhere to the sperm.

Normal results – decoding

These are good signs of a healthy spermogram:

Main indicator	WHO standards after 2010 (modern)	WHO standards before 2010 (for reference purposes)
Volume of ejaculate	Not less than 1.5 ml	Not less than 2 ml
Sperm acidity	Not less than 7.2	Not less than 7.2
Sperm concentration	More than 39 million in total, not less than 15 million in 1 ml of material	Not less than 20 million in 1 ml., Not less than 40 million in total
Motility	Not less than 32% of A and B cells	50% of type A and B cells, or 25% of type A cells one hour after ejaculation
Viability	Not less than 58% of living cells in the sample	Not less than 50% of living sperm
Leukocytes	No more than 1 million per 1 milliliter	No more than 1 million per 1 milliliter
Antibodies to sperm	No more than 50% according to test results	No more than 50% of antibodies associated with the MAP test
Sperm morphology	No less than 4% healthy cells	15% morphologically healthy cells, not less than 4%

Pathological conditions— description and causes

Pathologies can take many different forms, but they are all connected in some way to both male germ cell dysfunction and quantitative and qualitative deviations from the norm.

The term "normozoospermia" is used by the doctor to describe spermograms in which no pathological forms are detected. This indicates that no pathologies were detected during the test, and the seminal fluid parameters are normal.

Should pathological forms be discovered, there may be a multitude of names associated with them. We will elaborate on them for you.

Oligozoospermia

This term describes a pathological condition where the ejaculate contains a significantly lower number of spermatozoa than current normative values.

The concentration of germ cells can be impacted by both acquired and congenital causes. There are two possible causes for this: either the testicles are completely absent from birth, or they are present but do not descend into the scrotum (cryptorchidism). Varicocele, an enlargement of the spermatic cord veins, frequently results in a decrease in the number of germ cells.

A testicular injury or inflammation, as well as persistent STDs (such as mycoplasma, ureaplasma, chlamydia, etc.), can all lower the number of spermatozoa.

There may also be fewer germ cells in the seminal fluid if a man frequently overheats his scrotum, enjoys sauna or bathhouse steaming, or works in environments where high temperatures are present.

Pathologies of the spinal cord, kidneys, and liver, as well as uncontrolled, intentional smoking and drug use, may be the cause of the issue. Alcohol has a significant impact on the quantity of spermatozoa, and if a man abuses strong drinks, oligozoospermia is just one of several diagnoses that can be made based on the spermogram results.

Inadequate, insufficient, irregular nutrition; frequent stress and strenuous physical activity; lack of sleep; hormonal imbalances, such as low testosterone levels; and frequent sexual activity can all be linked to a decrease in sperm count. Men are therefore recommended to refrain from having sex and masturbating prior to donating sperm for testing.

Asthenozoospermia

This is referred to by medical professionals as an impaired sperm motility condition. Even though there are enough of them, there is no conception because the sex cells simply do not activate enough to reach the egg.

The "lively ones’" sloth could be caused by a deviation in the morphology of the sex cells themselves. In certain cases, sperm have two or more flagella instead of a tail, and their heads are enlarged or shrunken.

Sperm development abnormalities can be acquired or congenital, and they can be brought on by unfavorable environments, unhealthy lifestyles, or a variety of illnesses.

The high viscosity of the seminal fluid could be the cause of dyskinesia, the incapacity of sperm to proliferate. Men who engage in activities linked to exposure to toxins and poisons, as well as those who have sex too infrequently, frequently exhibit increased viscosity. Prostate inflammation and more severe STDs can both be associated with impaired germ cell motility.

Teratozoospermia

This term describes a large number of mutated, malformed spermatozoa with morphological abnormalities, such as diseases of the head, tail, middle part, or neck, present in sperm. They may become the cause of severe chromosomal abnormalities in the developing fetus as well as the inability of a woman to conceive and miscarry.

Because of this, it’s critical to assess a man’s germ cell morphology prior to conception in order to avoid disclosing any unsettling information either during or after childbearing.

Hormones may be the cause of abnormalities in the germ cell structure in members of the stronger sex. The quantity of reference, ideal conception germ cells in a man’s ejaculate is greatly decreased if he suffers from a hormonal imbalance.

Men who take hormone treatments or use steroid hormones for sports, fitness, bodybuilding, or weightlifting frequently experience disruptions in sperm morphology.

Viral infections can cause mutations in sex cells. The second type of herpes infection, also known as genital herpes, is thought to be the most dangerous of these illnesses.

Excessive intake of beer and other alcoholic beverages, nicotine, drugs, stress, sleep deprivation, poor nutrition, and vitamin deficiencies all have a significant impact. Living in areas with unfavorable environments or in a large, polluted city is another requirement for sperm morphology violations.

Azoospermia

This term refers to a severe form of infertility in men where the ejaculate contains no sperm at all. If the pathology has an obstructive cause, such as diseases in the reproductive system’s structure, the spermatozoa will not be able to mechanically exit and mix with the seminal fluid.

Both the vas deferens and the epididymis may become blocked. Non-constructive explanations for the lack of germ cells in the seed fluid are linked to errors made during the initial stages of sperm production.

Both bacterial and viral severe inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system can cause azoospermia. If the related gene "plays" in a particular genetic set, the illness may be inherited. For instance, the total lack of vitro-explosive ducts may be considered innate.

A spinal cord injury to the testicles or liver surgery may be the cause of the lack of spermatozoa.

Function Vasectomy is a surgical method of contraception in which the ducts cross or pull, resulting in total sterility of the sperm and no sperm in the liquid.

Antibiotics, medications used to treat cancer, and radiation and chemotherapy treatments can all contribute to the lack of "sperm cells" that result from disruptions in their production.

Aspermia

During an orgasm, there is either very little or no sperm present. Sperm are not released at all and bright orgasmic sensations are not experienced after sexual activity in cases of true aspermia. Men who have false aspermia may even have an orgasmic episode and release a small amount of ejaculate, but it contains no sperm.

Retrograde ejaculation—the procedure in which semen is released in the bladder—may be the source of this phenomena. Aspermia frequently develops as a result of long-term, untreated venereal diseases and inflammatory processes in the stronger sex’s reproductive organs.

Mental and emotional disorders, spinal and brain injuries, as well as congenital defects of the testicles and vas deferens, rank among the reasons for the absence of sperm.

Aspermia can develop as a side effect of common illnesses like TB and diabetes mellitus. It’s frequently diagnosed in men who use drugs and alcohol heavily. Men develop physiological aspermia as they age, which is thought to be irreversible. In all other cases, medicine is prepared to assist a man in becoming a father; however, the course of treatment will vary depending on the underlying cause of the ailment.

Leukocytospermia

An overabundance of leukocytes in the seminal fluid is identified as the cause. Sometimes the real reason for the high concentration of white blood cells in the ejaculate cannot be determined. Spermatozoa lose some of their ability to move and have their membranes destroyed by a large number of leukocytes.

These cells’ appearance in sperm is always a sign of an inflammatory process. However, the process’s location isn’t always known, particularly if the illness is chronic and develops largely or not at all without symptoms.

More white blood cells than what is shown in the above table are frequently seen in sperm as a result of inflammatory conditions such as prostatitis, urethritis, vesiculitis, and others. As a result, given the results of the spermogram, a more thorough examination will be necessary, involving tests for infections, a urine culture, and other diagnostic techniques.

Akinospermia

Spermatozoa exhibit total immobility in this pathology. They have normal genetic material and can even be living, but they are unable to reach the egg, their intended target. A man’s spermatozoa may be immobile from birth, meaning that their motor function is already compromised, or they may become immobile due to factors that he acquires over time.

Such germ cell production may result from epithelium damage that is followed by an infectious or inflammatory genitourinary system disease, such as a venereal disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis or Bechterew’s disease can cause sperm to become immobile. Large excesses in the amount of antisperm antibodies can cause the complete loss of cell motility.

Necrospermia

Sperm completely or nearly completely lack live spermatozoa in this pathology. Unfortunately, medication will not be of assistance if the issue is real and non-viable spermatozoa are already being produced.

This type of necrospermia is a very uncommon occurrence, though. The majority of the time, members of the stronger sex suffer from partial or total necrospermia, a condition in which certain adverse factors cause the death of germ cells after production.

When it comes to killing off spermatozoa, sexually transmitted infections rank #1. Then there are hormonal imbalances, where a man’s body produces too few male hormones to sustain the life of germ cells.

Additionally, radiation exposure, renal failure, injuries to the reproductive organs, and tuberculosis can all cause sperm death. Pathology may not develop if varicocele is not present.

Because spermatozoa are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment, bacteria and viruses lower the acidity of sperm, causing spermatozoa to begin to die in large numbers within hours.

The spermatogenesis cycle takes 74 days, and spermatozoa are not replenished very frequently. Nonetheless, physicians can assist a man in becoming a father in the event of both complete and partial necrospermia.

Cryptospermia

This diagnosis was made because centrifugation was necessary to find the small number of spermatozoa in a spermogram obtained through conventional methods. An insignificant amount of germ cells left in the sediment after centrifugation is known as cryptospermia.

The phenomenon may be caused by an infectious mumps pig, varicocele, genetic diseases of the reproductive system and genital organs, or an imbalance in hormones. Medicine can easily treat all causes, with the exception of genetic and congenital conditions.

Hemospermia

If blood is seen in the spermogram, this is referred to as a pathology. Blood shouldn’t normally be present in the ejaculate. The difference between true and false hemospermia is that blood from the prostate gland and testicles enters the seminal fluid. Additionally, when a person passes out, the ejaculate is mixed in with the false type of pathology, appearing as streaks in the urethra.

The cause may be vesiculitis, prostatitis, or urethritis. Certain oncological diseases can also show blood in sperm. Unlike many other sperm pathologies, this one has symptoms that a man will be able to identify in due course. Not only does the color of the sperm change visually, but there is also pain when urinating, a drop in sexual desire, and a reduction in orgasmic sensations.

Other possible causes include inflammatory processes, irregular blood flow to the male reproductive system’s organs, and frequent and intense sexual encounters.

Treatment and recommendations for improving sperm quality

Only after determining the root causes of a subpar spermogram can we discuss restoring sperm quality. 90% of men with acquired pathologies are able to regain fertility with treatment, which typically has positive results.

Antiherpetic medications are prescribed in the event of a herpes infection if laboratory testing (blood, smears, urine) establish that infections are the root cause. Antibiotics that are part of the broad-spectrum drug class are frequently prescribed.

A man is advised to take vitamins for approximately three months during the spermatogenesis cycle following anti-inflammatory treatment. To restore the quantity and quality of sperm, this time is required.

Men whose sperm discharge mechanical barriers are the source of their infertility may benefit from surgical treatment combined with an antibiotic course to stop the inflammatory process. Minerals, particularly zinc and selenium preparations, vitamins E, A, C, D, B, and folic acid are given to all men who have violated the quantity and quality of seed fluid.

Sometimes, if the cause is not contagious, it is sufficient to alter the circumstances and spend several months outside of the city, in the open air.

Adding protein products, dairy, meat, fish, and cottage cheese to the diet is a form of food correction. A man must follow the doctor’s recommended regimen for sexual activity, give up bad habits, and observe drinking mode in order to increase the volume and functionality of his ejaculate (repeated sex lowers sperm quality than infrequent sex).

A man’s ability to conceive naturally improves when he modifies his work schedule, refuses to work nights, starts getting enough sleep, and gets enough rest.

Instead of spending the day on the couch, people should go skiing, swimming, cycling, or light running.

Endocrinologists prescribe treatment with hormonal corrective agents if a hormonal imbalance or failure is the cause of the pathological form of the spermogram. Men need to take the required vitamin complexes at the same time as such therapy.

Reproductive assisted techniques like IVF and ICSI help the couple if the treatment is ineffective in improving the indicators.

In severe situations, donor sperm might be needed for fertilization (and this kind of requirement would only occur in the event of an irreversible, total pathology of spermatogenesis in a man). The desire to procreate would exist, and contemporary medicine would recommend a course of action.

Question	Answer
What is a spermogram?	A spermogram is a medical test that examines the quality and quantity of sperm in a man"s semen.
What does it show?	It shows sperm count, motility (movement), morphology (shape), and other factors important for fertility.
What to do if there are pathological forms?	If there are abnormal sperm forms, it"s essential to consult a doctor for further evaluation and possible treatment to improve fertility.

One important test for determining male fertility is a spermogram. It contributes to the determination of sperm quantity, quality, and motility, providing crucial information about a man’s reproductive health.

If abnormal sperm forms are discovered, this could be a sign of underlying medical problems or disorders that could impact fertility. However, since other factors can affect conception, this does not always imply infertility.

It’s critical to speak with a physician if the results are concerning. In order to enhance sperm quality and raise the likelihood of conception, they can assist in identifying the cause and suggest potential therapies or lifestyle modifications.

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